CONTENTS PART I. PHILOSOPHY AND THE MEANING OF LIFE The Value of Philosophy, Bertrand Russell *The Province of Philosophy, J.J.C. Smart *The Absurd, Thomas Nagel PART II. REASON AND RELIGION Introduction A. God and Evil Why I Am Not A Theist, Bertrand Russell God, Evil and the Best of All Possible Worlds, Gottfried Leibniz Must God Create the Best?, Robert Merrihew Adams The Ontological Argument, Saint Anselm The Existence of God Proven, Saint Thomas Aquinas Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, David Hume B. Faith and Subjectivity The Wager, Blaise Pascal Against Objectivity in Religion, Soren Kierkegaard Kierkegaard's Arguments Against Objective Reasoning in Religion, Robert Merrihew Adams PART III. KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY Introduction A. Classics of Epistemology Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes Some Further Considerations Concerning Our Simple Ideas of Sensation, John Locke Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, George Berkeley Of Skepticism with Regard to the Senses, David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume B. Perception *The Argument from Illusion, A.J. Ayer The Argument from Illusion, J.L. Austin C. Induction, Causation, and Scientific Explanation The Problem of Induction, W.C. Salmon Laws and Their Role in Scientific Explanation, Carl G. Hempel Causality and Determination, G.E.M. Anscombe *Gender and Science, Sandra Harding How to Defend Society Against Science, Paul Feyerabend PART IV. MIND AND BODY Introduction A. The Traditional Problem of Mind and Body Descartes's Myth, Gilbert Ryle The Argument from Analogy for Other Minds, Betrand Russell The Nature of Mind, David Armstrong The Nature of Mental States, Hilary Putnam *Intentional Systems, Daniel Dennett What Is It Like to be a Bat?, Thomas Nagel *Eliminative Materialism, Paul Churchland B. Minds, Brains and Machines *Computing Machinery and Intelligence, A.M. Turing Minds, Brains and Programs, John R. Searle *Brains in a Vat, Hilary Putnam C. Personal Identity Of Identity and Diversity, John Locke Of Identity, Thomas Reid Of Personal Identity, David Hume *Williams on the Self and Its Future, John Perry D. Freedom and Determinism Has the Self "Free Will", C. A. Campbell Of Liberty and Necessity, David Hume *Freedom and Determinism, Richard Taylor *Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person, Harry Frankfurt *I Could Not Have Done Otherwise: So What?, Daniel Dennett PART V. ETHICS Introduction A. Moral Perplexities A Defense of Abortion, Judith Jarvis Thompson The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect, Philippa Foot Some Paradoxes of Deterrence, Gregory Kavka B. Moral Theories 1. Utilitarianism. The Principle of Utility, Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill Criticisms of Utilitarianism, E. F. Carritt Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism, J.J.C. Smart Utilitarianism and Integrity, Bernard Williams Famine, Affluence, and Morality, Peter Singer 2. Kantian Ethics. Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Immanuel Kant Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems, Onora O'Neil War and Massacre, Thomas Nagel 3. Aristotelian Ethics. Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle Aristotle's Doctrine of the Mean, J.O. Urmson Aristotle on Eudaimonia, Thomas Nagel 4. Justice. *A Theory of Justice, John Rawls Justice and Entitlement, Robert Nozick Capitalism, Socialism and Justice, Kai Nielsen *The Subjection of Women, John Stuart Mill *John Rawls: Justice as Fairness--For Whom?, Susan Moller Okin *The Message of Affirmative Action, Thomas E. Hill, Jr. C. Challenges to Morality 1. Morality and Self-Interest. The Republic, Plato An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, David Hume Morality and Advantage, David Gauthier The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and Principles of Evolution, J.L. Mackie 2. Subjectivism, Relativism, and Skepticism. The Subjectivity of Values, J.L. Mackie *Ethics and Observation, Gilbert Harman *Moral Explanation, Nicholas Sturgeon PART VI. PUZZLES AND PARADOXES Introduction A. Assorted Puzzles and Paradoxes 1. Zeno's Paradoxes Achilles and the Tortoise The Racecourse The Argument Against Plurality 2. Miscellaneous Puzzles and Paradoxes The Paradox of Identity The Paradox of the Heap The Surprise Examination The Prisoner's Dilemma Newcomb's Problem Goodman's New Riddle of Induction 3. Paradoxes of Logic, Set Theory, and Semantics The Paradox of the Liar Other Versions of the Liar Russell's Paradox Grelling's Paradox B. Paradoxes and Antinomies The Ways of Paradox, W.V. Quine Appendices Reading Philosophy *Glossary